nūhou

ʻAno kila

 

Hoʻolei ʻia ke kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hana ʻia i loko o ka umu i loko o nā bila, a kaomi ʻia nā ʻiʻo a i ʻole nā ​​bila i loko o ke kila (nā huahana kila). Nui nā ʻano kila, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā mau ʻano: nā ʻōmole, nā papa, nā paipu a me nā uea.

 

ʻĀpana kila

Nui nā ʻano kila ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kila lōʻihi paʻa me kahi ʻano a me ka nui o ka ʻāpana. Wahi a nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole, ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻano: nā ʻāpana maʻalahi a me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī. ʻO ka mea mua e komo pū ana me nā kaola poepoe, nā kaola huinaha, nā kaola pālahalaha, nā kaola hexagonal a me nā kaola kihi; ʻO ka mea hope e komo pū ana me nā alahao, nā kaola I, nā kila kahawai, nā kila mōlina puka makani a me nā kila ʻano kūikawā. ʻO ke kila poepoe liʻiliʻi me ke anawaena o 6.5-9.0mm ua kapa ʻia he uea.

 

Nā papa kila

He kila pālahalaha ia me ka lakio laulā-a-mānoanoa nui a me ka ʻili. Wahi a nā mānoanoa like ʻole, ua māhele ʻia i ʻekolu ʻano: papa lahilahi (mānoanoa < 4mm), papa waena (mānoanoa 4-25mm) a me ka papa mānoanoa (mānoanoa > 25mm). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana kila i loko o ka māhele papa kila.

 

Nā paipu kila

He ʻāpana kila lōʻihi ia me kahi ʻāpana hakahaka. Ma muli o kona ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i mau paipu poepoe, nā paipu huinahā, nā paipu hexagonal a me nā paipu kila ʻāpana kūikawā like ʻole. Ma muli o ke ʻano hana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau māhele: paipu kila humuhumu a me ka paipu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

 

Nā uea kila

ʻO ke uea kila kekahi huahana uea i hana anu ʻia. Ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole, ua māhele ʻia i uea kila poepoe, uea kila pālahalaha a me uea kila triangular, a pēlā aku. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ke uea kila i ka hana ʻana i nā kaula uea, nā laina palaoa kila a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe.

 

Ke kila kihi

ʻO ke kila kihi, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka hao kihi, he ʻāpana kila lōʻihi e kū pono ana kekahi i kekahi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Aia ke kila kihi like a me ke kila kihi like ʻole. Ua like ka laulā o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o kahi kihi equilateral. Hōʻike ʻia kona mau kikoʻī ma nā millimeters o ka laulā o ka ʻaoʻao.× ka laulā o ka ʻaoʻao× ka mānoanoa o ka lihi. Eia kekahi laʻana, "∠30×30×3", ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka laulā o ka ʻaoʻao he 30 mm a ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka ʻaoʻao he 3 mm. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e ka helu kumu hoʻohālike, ʻo ia ka helu o nā kenimika o ka laulā o ka ʻaoʻao, e like me∠3#. ʻAʻole hōʻike ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka nui o nā mānoanoa ʻaoʻao like ʻole i loko o ke kumu hoʻohālike like, no laila ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka laulā ʻaoʻao a me ka mānoanoa ʻaoʻao o ke kila kihi i loko o ka ʻaelike a me nā palapala ʻē aʻe, i ʻole e hoʻohana wale ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike. ʻO nā kikoʻī o ke kila kihi equilateral i ʻōwili wela ʻia he 2#-20#.　　

Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kila kihi me nā ʻāpana like ʻole i hoʻoluhi ʻia e like me nā pono like ʻole o ke ʻano, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui ma waena o nā ʻāpana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻano hale like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana ʻenekinia, e like me nā kaola hale, nā alahaka, nā hale kiaʻi hoʻoili, nā mīkini hāpai a me ka halihali, nā moku, nā umu ʻoihana, nā hale kiaʻi pane, nā ʻūpā ipu a me nā papa hale kūʻai.

 

kila poepoe

 

ʻO ke kila poepoe e pili ana i kahi ʻāpana kila paʻa me kahi ʻāpana kea poepoe. Hōʻike ʻia kona mau kikoʻī ma nā millimeters o ke anawaena, e laʻa me "50" ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ʻāpana poepoe me ke anawaena o 50 mm. ʻEkolu ʻano o nā ʻāpana poepoe: ʻōwili wela, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a huki anu ʻia. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana poepoe ʻōwili wela i nā nui mai 5.5 a 250 mm. I waena o lākou: 5.5-25 mm ka nui o ke kila poepoe liʻiliʻi i hoʻolako ʻia i loko o nā puʻupuʻu o nā ʻāpana pololei, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me nā ʻāpana kila, nā bolts a me nā ʻāpana mechanical like ʻole; Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāpana poepoe i ʻoi aku ma mua o 25 mm e hana i nā ʻāpana mechanical a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea hana ʻole o ka paipu kila.

 

Pākuʻi

ʻO ke kila kila no ka sima i hoʻoikaika ʻia e pili ana i ke kila pololei a i ʻole ke kila uea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka sima i hoʻoikaika ʻia, a ua māhele ʻia kona ʻano i ʻelua ʻano: ke kila poepoe māmā a me ke kila deformed, a ʻo ke kūlana hāʻawi he kila pololei a me ka disc poepoe. ʻO ke kila poepoe māmā ʻo ia ka kila poepoe liʻiliʻi a me ka disc poepoe o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa maʻamau. ʻO nā kila kila deformed he mau kila kila ribbed me kahi ʻili, maʻamau me 2 mau iwi longitudinal a me nā iwi transverse i hoʻokaʻawale like ʻia ma ka lōʻihi. ʻEkolu ʻano o nā iwi transverse: spiral, herringbone a me ka crescent. Hōʻike ʻia ma millimeters o ke anawaena nominal. ʻO ke anawaena nominal o ka hoʻoikaika deformed ua like ia me ke anawaena nominal o ka hoʻoikaika poepoe māmā me ka ʻāpana like. ʻO ke anawaena nominal o ke kila kila he 8-50 mm, a ʻo ke anawaena i ʻōlelo ʻia he 8, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 mm.　　

Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia nā kaola hoʻoikaika i ke kaumaha tensile i loko o ka sima. Ma muli o ka hana a nā iwi ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kila kila i hoʻololi ʻia me ka sima, no laila hiki iā ia ke kū i ka hana o ka ikaika o waho. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kila kila i nā ʻano hale like ʻole, ʻoiai nā hale nui, kaumaha, māmā, paia lahilahi a me nā hale kiʻekiʻe.

 

Ke kila kahawai

ʻO ke kila kahawai he ʻāpana kila lōʻihi me kahi ʻāpana keʻa ʻōwili. ʻO kāna ʻano hōʻike kikoʻī, e like me 120 * 53 * 5, e hōʻike ana i kahi kila kahawai me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pūhaka o 120 mm a me ka laulā o ka wāwae o 53 mm, a me ke kila kahawai me ka mānoanoa o ka pūhaka o 5 mm, a i ʻole 12 # kila kahawai. Inā he nui nā laulā wāwae like ʻole a me nā mānoanoa o ka pūhaka, pono ʻoe e hoʻohui iā A, B, a me C ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kumu hoʻohālike e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou, e like me 25A #, 25B #, 25C #, a pēlā aku. Ua māhele ʻia ke kila kahawai i ke kila kahawai maʻamau a me ke kila kahawai māmā. ʻO ke kikoʻī o ke kila kahawai maʻamau i ʻōwili wela ʻia he 5-40 #. ʻO ke kikoʻī o ke kila kahawai palupalu i ʻōwili wela ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia ma o ka ʻaelike ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao lako a me ke koi he 6.5-30 #.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kila kahawai i nā hale kūkulu, ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa a me nā hale ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kila kahawai me nā I-beams.